$24.99 Our, "Sooo much more helpful thanSparkNotes. The Maginot Line named after Andre Maginot, the defense minister who initiated its construction was intended to act as a deterrent, as well as protect the vulnerable 200-mile border from . The original text plus a side-by-side modern translation of. A period of sustained Francophobia broke out in Britain, with Poincar being vilified in Britain as a cruel bully punishing Germany with unreasonable reparations demands. | The fortifications did not extend through the Ardennes Forest (which was believed to be impenetrable by Commander-in-Chief Maurice Gamelin) or along France's border with Belgium because the two countries had signed an alliance in 1920, by which the French army would operate in Belgium if the German forces invaded. Toni Morrison and The Bluest Eye Background. [53] New York Times headlined "Maginot Line in the Sky" in 2000[54] and "A New Maginot Line" in 2001. The problem was that Hitler and his generals abandoned the "static" style of WWI fighting for a far more mobile blitzkrieg attack that punched a hole into France through Belgium and the Netherlands. From the creators of SparkNotes, something better. "[44], The psychological factor of the Maginot Line has also been discussed. She is given to fussing aloud and to singing the blues. ! The line, which was supposed to be fully extended further towards the west to avoid such an occurrence, was finally scaled back in response to demands from Belgium. Teach your students to analyze literature like LitCharts does. If you don't see it, please check your spam folder. [15] The German statement following The Manchester Guardian's article that Germany did not feel bound by the terms of Versailles and would violate them as much as possible gave much offence in France. [18] French decision-makers knew that the victory of 1918 had been achieved because the British Empire and the United States were allies in the war and that the French would have been defeated on their own. The rejection by Samson Fuller is a turning point in Cholly's life: "Abandoned in a junk heap by his mother, rejected for a crap game by his father, there was nothing more to lose." Despite its monumental concrete glory, which was the pride of interwar France, the Maginot Line ultimately wasn't able to stop Adolf Hitler's Nazi war machine from quickly overwhelming and occupying France in World War II. The term "Maginot Line" has become a part of the English language: "America's Maginot Line" was the title used for an Atlantic Magazine article about America's military bases in Asia. Complete your free account to access notes and highlights. She finds a permanent job working for a wealthy and warm-hearted white family called the Fishers. to start your free trial of SparkNotes Plus. The fortifications were built as a result of experiences from the . (including. GradeSaver, 27 August 2019 Web. Mr. Yacobowski The local grocer, a middle-aged white immigrant. Their purpose was to locate the enemy, direct and correct the indirect fire of artillery, and report on the progress and position of critical enemy units. Her love she saves for the Fishers' daughter, while she becomes quick-tempered and abusive with her own children. Complete your free account to request a guide. Your group members can use the joining link below to redeem their group membership. As a young boy, Cholly has a great friend in old Blue Jack, an older black man who works at the feed store. The girls admire her light skin and social status, and they are jealous of both. High-voltage Transmission Lines, initially above-ground but then buried, and connected to the civil power grid, provided electric power to the many fortifications and fortresses. Middle-aged, he has never married and has a lecherous side. Your subscription will continue automatically once the free trial period is over. Both static and mobile artillery units were assigned to defend the Maginot Line. She says they can wait on the porch until Pecola gets home but they are too scared of her. Thanks for creating a SparkNotes account! Renews March 8, 2023 These were composed of at least six "forward bunker systems" or "combat blocks" and two entrances and were connected via a network of tunnels that often featured narrow gauge electric railways for transport between bunker systems. Teach your students to analyze literature like LitCharts does. Theylive above the Breedlove apartment and befriendPecola. [2] French and British officers had anticipated the geographical limits of the Maginot Line; when Germany invaded the Netherlands and Belgium, they carried out plans to form an aggressive front that cut across Belgium and connected to the Maginot Line. TO CANCEL YOUR SUBSCRIPTION AND AVOID BEING CHARGED, YOU MUST CANCEL BEFORE THE END OF THE FREE TRIAL PERIOD. The secret German-Soviet cooperation started in 1921. Ouvrage Rochonvillers was retained by the French Army as a command centre into the 1990s but was deactivated following the disappearance of the Soviet threat. The defences were first proposed by Marshal Joseph Joffre. Claudia's assumption that sexual interaction always feels good suggests an innocence that Frieda no longer has. "Maginot Line" has acquired a secondary meaning: a defensive barrier or strategy that inspires a false sense of security, according to Merriam-Webster. It's possible to see an unsettling connection between the blonde dolls and the blonde daughters of families that employ black servants: in playing with little blonde dolls, black girls must either pretend the child is theirsand so negate their own race and deny their own beautyor they must pretend that they, like Pauline, are servants caring for the children of white employers. However, the French line was weak near the Ardennes Forest. (including. on 50-99 accounts. The Maginot Line was impervious to most forms of attack. Pecola and the MacTeers leave the house in shame, laundry bag in tow, and as they leave they can hear Mrs. Breedlove fussing over the little white girl, who is crying. There are 142 ouvrages, 352 casemates, 78 shelters, 17 observatories and around 5,000 blockhouses in the Maginot Line.[a]. on 50-99 accounts. Then another neighbor, Miss Dunion, came in and suggested that they take Frieda to the doctor because she might be ruined, a fear that now makes Frieda weep. Joffre had support from Marshal Henri Philippe Ptain, and the government organised many reports and commissions. [23] Germany had the largest economy in Europe but lacked many of the raw materials necessary for a modern industrial economy (making the Reich vulnerable to a blockade) and the ability to feed its population. Somewhat like "line in the sand" it is also used in non-military situations, as in "Reagan's budgetary Maginot Line."[56]. . Consequently, the Germans invaded through the Low Countries in 1940, passing it to the north. They live above the Breedlove apartment and befriend Pecola. Her family, looking for a better life, migrates from Alabama to Kentucky while she is a girl. If you don't see it, please check your spam folder. During the ensuing Ruhrkampf ("Ruhr struggle") between the Germans and the French that lasted until September 1923, Britain condemned the French occupation of the Ruhr. In contrast, Pecola spills blackish blueberries all over the floor, underlining the connection between blackness and mess. Breedlove. From upstairs, the little girl calls for Polly, and Pecola accidentally pulls a freshly baked berry cobbler off the counter. Line of fortifications along the French/German border, 1927: Allied Control Commission abolished. He goes from being the young lover to the naked black boy, forced to go on with sex while two bigger and stronger men watch. Frieda says that they can't because Marie is a ruined woman. A third-person omniscient narrator describes Cholly's life. Creating notes and highlights requires a free LitCharts account. Built between 1930 and 1940, France 's Maginot Line was a massive system of defenses that became famous for failing to stop a German invasion. The girls both admire her and are jealous of her. Geraldines son, who, in the absence of genuine affection from his mother, becomes cruel and sadistic. By the time Germany invaded Poland in 1939, it was clear to French military leaders that they had greatly underestimated the speed and ruthless efficiency of the German blitzkrieg. [12], The great conclusion that was drawn in Paris after the Ruhrkampf and the 1924 London Conference was that France could not make unilateral military moves to uphold Versailles as the resulting British hostility to such moves was too dangerous to the republic. The girls have a brief exchange during which Pecola defends the Maginot Line (Miss Marie, as she calls her), but the conversation is cut short when Mrs. Breedlove comes out to see who Pecola's visitors are. [16] When the Control Commission was dissolved, the commissioners in their final report issued a blistering statement, stating that Germany had never sought to abide by Part V and the Reichswehr had been engaging in covert rearmament all through the 1920s. He shot at Henry and Henry ran away. SparkNotes Plus subscription is $4.99/month or $24.99/year as selected above. This section, like the sections on Pauline and Cholly, shows a preoccupation with geneology and ancestry. Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. This chain of faulty reasoning leads to their decision to procure whiskey for Frieda. In Did you have a question about the first chapter of Bluest Eye. on 2-49 accounts, Save 30% [27] For economic reasons, the success of the strategy of la guerre de longue dure would at the very least require Britain to maintain a benevolent neutrality, preferably to enter the war as an ally as British sea power could protect French imports while depriving Germany of hers. Contact us Mrs. Breedlove sticks her head out the door, is introduced to the girls, and tells them they can wait with Pecola for the laundry and then walk back to town with her. She finds meaning not in her own family but in romantic movies and in her work caring for a well-to-do white family. My students love how organized the handouts are and enjoy tracking the themes as a class., Requesting a new guide requires a free LitCharts account. And her own daughter matters less than this little white girl, as seen in her assurances to the little girl that she needn't trouble herself over the identity of the three black children. Music Producer, Rapper, Gamer, Artist , Just trying to make it through this thing called LIFE!! The petits ouvrages were generally made up of several infantry bunkers, connected by a tunnel network with attached underground facilities, such as barracks, electric generators, ventilation systems, mess halls, infirmaries and supply caches. Because she is closer to adolescence, Frieda is more vulnerable to her communitys equation of whiteness with beauty. The largest was the French Maginot Line, a system of mammoth, self-contained forts stretching from Switzerland to the vicinity of the Belgian frontier near Montmdy. Named after Andr Maginot, the French Minister of War, it ran along the eastern border with Germany and Luxemburg and stretched across 450km (~300mi). SparkNotes PLUS . Curiously, Cholly's hatred is directed at Darlene. Narrow Gauge Railway System: A network of 600mm (.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}1ft11+58in) narrow gauge railways was built to rearm and resupply the main fortresses (ouvrages) from supply depots up to 50km (31mi) away. Pauline describes the first steady job she landed, working as a housekeeper for an ungenerous and pretentious white family. You'll also receive an email with the link. The line was built in several phases from 1930 by the Service Technique du Gnie (STG), overseen by Commission d'Organisation des Rgions Fortifies (CORF). Borey, Eddie. The main construction was largely completed by 1939, at the cost of around 3 billion French francs (around 3.9 billion in today's U.S. dollars worth). They're like having in-class notes for every discussion!, This is absolutely THE best teacher resource I have ever purchased. They were also accommodated in complexes of wooden housing adjacent to each fortress, which were more comfortable than living inside, but were not expected to survive wartime bombardment. Free trial is available to new customers only. But modern historians are increasingly making a bold claim: It wasn't the Maginot Line that failed, it was diplomacy and French armored tactics. 6. 14. Read more about sexual initiation as a theme. These generally had two floors, with a firing level and a support/infrastructure level that provided the troops with rest and services (power-generating units, reserves of water, fuel, food, ventilation equipment, etc.). Pecola, already showing signs of pregnancy, comes to him and asks for blue eyes. He is capable of both tenderness and rage, but as the story unfolds, rage increasingly dominates. The fire control stations would give orders to the hundreds of anti-tank and heavy artillery positions that could pop out of the ground and fire from armored turrets. Ace your assignments with our guide to The Bluest Eye! Patreon: https://www.patr. But it was too late to reorganize the entire French military in a matter of months. Pecola's lies demonstrate the insecurity she feels about herself, and her self-perceived ugliness. They're like having in-class notes for every discussion!, This is absolutely THE best teacher resource I have ever purchased. Your subscription will continue automatically once the free trial period is over. In the 17th century, from his luxurious palace at Versailles, Louis XIV oversaw the construction of citadels and fortresses meant to mark and protect the Sun King's territory. What does the little girl call Mrs Breedlove? Her differing reactions to Pecola and the little white girl further this idea. Contact us The Treaty of Versailles: Did the End of WWI Cause the Start of WWII? This section is arguably the most successful part of the novel. A defensive strategy based on the Maginot Line was an excellent way of demonstrating to Britain that France was not an aggressive power and would only go to war in the event of German aggression, a situation that would make it more likely that Britain would enter the war on France's side.[28]. They argue had those troops been moved north, "it is possible that Heeresgruppe A's advance could have been blunted, giving time for Groupe d'armees 1 to reorganise". Instead of worrying that her own daughter has been burned by the hot berries, she pushes Pecola down into the pie juice. Detailed quotes explanations with page numbers for every important quote on the site. When the bigger plan went to crap, the Maginot Line went along with it.". The hot pie filling burns Pecola's legs painfully, but when Mrs. Breedlove returns and sees the mess she runs to Pecola and backhands her, knocking the girl down. Nevertheless, Maxime Weygand signed the surrender instrument and the army was ordered out of their fortifications to be taken to POW camps. 3. "The Maginot Line was meant to stop a World War I-style attack of infantry and artillery, and it did what it was supposed to do," says Kirchubel, who's written multiple books on World War II military campaigns. She is tall and impressive, and she carries a hickory stick. Subscribe now. TO CANCEL YOUR SUBSCRIPTION AND AVOID BEING CHARGED, YOU MUST CANCEL BEFORE THE END OF THE FREE TRIAL PERIOD. It also had state-of-the-art living conditions for garrisoned troops, supplying air conditioning and eating areas for their comfort. She depends upon their interpretation of what has taken place in order to understand it herself. Spring arrives, and Claudia associates this event with being whipped with a switch instead of a strap. When The Maginot Line asks if the girls are looking for someone, Claudia explains they are looking for Pecola. You'll be billed after your free trial ends. Through the window they see Mr. Henry inside with, legs and an ugly face. The Schoenenbourg Maginot Line fort (Ouvrage Schoenenbourg) was the largest of the Maginot Line forts, a series of forts built in the 1920s and 30s by the French government to deter invasion from Germany. They could be single (with a firing room in one direction) or double (two firing rooms in opposite directions). 5. Copyright 1999 - 2023 GradeSaver LLC. Youve successfully purchased a group discount. The Maginot Line was built to fulfil several purposes: Maginot Line fortifications were manned by specialist units of fortress infantry, artillery and engineers. But after a few days of following M'Dear's prescription, Aunt Jimmy eats a peach cobbler and dies. First-person narrative by Claudia MacTeer. Attacking on 10 May, German forces were well into France within five days and they continued to advance until 24 May, when they stopped near Dunkirk. Based on France's experience with trench warfare during World War I, the massive Maginot Line was built in the run-up to World War II, after the Locarno Conference in 1925 gave rise to a fanciful and optimistic "Locarno spirit". Purchasing Frieda is not given the chance to step gradually into her sexual identity; instead, this identity is forced upon her by an adult. But when Hitler and the Nazis rose to power in the early 1930s, they quickly backed out of the Treaty of Versailles and began equipping for a much different kind of war. Nonetheless, in 1927, the Inter-Allied Commission, which was responsible for ensuring that Germany complied with Part V of the Treaty of Versailles, was abolished as a goodwill gesture reflecting the "Spirit of Locarno". The fear in the little white girl's eyes suggests she has been taught to fear black people. He doesn't poison the dog because he's terrified of personal contact with the animal. Without the natural defensive barrier provided by the Rhine River, French generals argued that France needed a new defensive barrier made of concrete and steel to replace it. [19], The American historian William Keylor wrote that given the diplomatic conditions of 1929 and likely trends with the United States isolationist and Britain unwilling to make the "continental commitment" the decision to build the Maginot Line was not irrational and stupid, as building the Maginot Line was a sensible response to the problems that would be created by the coming French withdrawal from the Rhineland in 1930. At the same time, that willingness to interact with the little girl based on a nickname may suggest that Mrs. Breedlove shares a level of love for the young girl that she withholds from her own daughter, who is not allowed to call her mother by a nickname. Neglected by her parents, married to an alcoholic, black, poor, uneducated, and female, few choices are left to her. In the interval between world wars, several European countries built elaborate permanent fortifications. [10], The training was carried out at a fortress near the town of Bitche in Moselle in Lorraine, built in a military training area and so capable of live fire exercises. She invites the girls upstairs for a soda, but Frieda tells her that they are not allowed to visit her because she is ruined. The Maginot Line throws the root-beer bottle at the girls in anger, but then she laughs. Marie becomes silent, clearly somehow hurt by Frieda's words. The family of Elihue Whitcomb displays a kind of mixed-race person who lives in colonial societymore fortunate than pureblooded natives, they are still ultimately powerless, allowed to occupy only the most meaningless government positions, allowed to be educated but never to rule. The girls walk all the way to the rich part of town where Mrs. Breedlove works. During the advance to the English Channel, the Germans overran France's border defence with Belgium and several Maginot Forts in the Maubeuge area whilst the Luftwaffe simply flew over it. 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